Multiphoton lithography : techniques materials and applications
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Nanotechnology has great potential in manufacturing, manipulating, observing,
and functioning of materials, and understanding the physics and chemistry at the
nanoscale, but it is limited to surface science and technology in two dimensions,
with use of, for example, e-beam, ion beam, light beam, and atomic force through
the processes of illumination, deposition, etching, andmodification of the surface.
Available nanotechnological devices such as nanoelectronic circuits, high-density
data storage, liquid-crystal displays, and micro and nanoelectromechanical
systems (MEMSs and NEMSs) are all basically of two dimensions. However,
future nanotechnology, in particular nanomanufacturing, should be made in
three dimensions similar to the existing ordinary machinery. In the book Engines
of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology (Doubleday, 1986), the author
Eric Drexler discusses future nanotechnologies such as molecular assemblers,
atom-by-atom building, and self-replicating machines. In the novel Prey (Harper
Collins, 2002), Michael Crichton describes a machine that makes nanobots from
bacteria, which turn into a nano-swarm attacking humans. The nanomachines
appearing in those books are all three-dimensional machines.
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